Tirohanga IP Huritao

1. Kupu Whakataki

Rapu IP Whakamuri he taputapu e āhei ai koe ki te kimi i te ingoa manaaki (hostname) e hono ana ki tētahi wāhitau IP motuhake. Kāore e huri i tētahi ingoa rohe hei wāhitau IP, engari ka mahi i te ritenga kē—ka huri i te wāhitau IP kia hoki ki tōna ingoa manaaki kua rēhitatia mā ngā pūkete DNS.

He tino whai hua tēnei taputapu mō ngā kaiwhakawhanake, ngā kaiwhakahaere pūnaha, ngā kaitātari haumaru ipurangi, me ngā rangatira paetukutuku e hiahia ana ki te tautohu i ngā tūmau, te manatoko i ngā whirihoranga DNS, te tūhura i ngā waka raraunga hihira, te rapurongoā rānei i ngā raruraru whatunga. Hei tauira, mēnā ka kitea e koe he mahi rerekē mai i tētahi wāhitau IP i roto i ngā rangitaki o tō tūmau, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i tēnei taputapu hei kimi ko tēhea ingoa rohe e hono ana ki taua wāhitau IP.

He māmā te tukanga: whakauruhia he wāhitau IPv4, IPv6 rānei e whaimana ana, ā, ka whakahokia e te taputapu te ingoa manaaki e hāngai ana (mēnā kei te wātea). Ki te kore e kitea he ingoa manaaki, tērā pea ka whakahokia mai te wāhitau IP taketake, kāore rānei he hua, e ai ki te whirihoranga DNS. He māmā te atanga ki te hunga tīmata, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he mātauranga hangarau hei whakamahi.

2. Me Pēhea te Mahi

Ka whakahaere tēnei taputapu i tētahi rapunga DNS whakamuri (rDNS) mā ngā tikanga paerewa whakatau DNS. Kāore e ui i ngā pūkete DNS A, AAAA rānei (e hono ana i ngā ingoa rohe ki ngā wāhitau IP), engari ka ui i ngā pūkete PTR (Pointer), e hono ana i ngā wāhitau IP kia hoki ki ngā ingoa rohe.

Tawhā Tāuru

• Wāhitau IP (e hiahiatia ana) – Me tuku e te kaiwhakamahi he wāhitau IPv4, IPv6 rānei e whaimana ana. Ka manatoko te taputapu i te hōputu i mua i te tukatuka.

Ngā Ture Manatoko

• Kāore e whakaaetia kia noho pātea te āpure IP.
• Me noho te wāhitau IP ki te hōputu IPv4, IPv6 rānei e whaimana ana.
• Ka whakamahia te manatoko haumaru hei aukati i ngā tāuru hē, mōrearea rānei.
• Me whai tohu CSRF whaimana mō te tuku haumaru i te puka.

Ki te kore te wāhitau IP e eke ki te manatoko (hei tauira, he pūāhua hē, he hōputu hē rānei), ka whakaatu tonu te taputapu i tētahi karere hapa. Ka haere tonu te tukatuka ina oti pai katoa ngā arowhai manatoko.

Arorau Tukatuka

Ina oti te manatoko, ka whakahaere te pūnaha i tētahi rapunga DNS whakamuri mā te whakamahi i te whakataunga ingoa manaaki paerewa. Ka ui i ngā pūkete DNS PTR e pā ana ki te wāhitau IP kua tukuna. Mēnā kei te tīariari tētahi pūkete PTR, ka whakahokia te ingoa manaaki e hāngai ana. Ki te kore he pūkete PTR, tērā pea ka whakahokia te wāhitau IP taketake, ka tohu rānei kāore i kitea he ingoa manaaki.

Hanganga Putanga

• Hua – Te ingoa manaaki kua whakatauhia (mēnā kei te wātea).
• Uara Tāuru – Te wāhitau IP i tukuna e te kaiwhakamahi.

Ngā Herenga

• Kāore ngā wāhitau IP katoa i te whai pūkete PTR kua whirihorahia.
• Tērā pea ka whakatauhia ētahi wāhitau IP ki ngā ingoa manaaki whānui a te kaiwhakarato ratonga ipurangi (ISP).
• Kāore ngā wāhitau IP tūmataiti, ā-rohe rānei (hei tauira, 192.168.x.x) e whakahoki ingoa manaaki tūmatanui i te nuinga o te wā.
• Tērā pea ka pā ngā whakaroanga hora DNS ki ngā hua.

3. Me Pēhea te Whakamahi i Tēnei Taputapu

1. Whakauruhia he wāhitau IPv4, IPv6 rānei e whaimana ana ki te āpure IP.
2. Tukuna te puka hei tīmata i te rapunga whakamuri.
3. Tatari kia manatoko te pūnaha i te tāuru.
4. Tirohia te ingoa manaaki kua whakatauhia i te wāhanga hua.
5. Mēnā ka puta he hapa, tirohia mēnā e tika ana te hōputu o te wāhitau IP, kātahi ka whakamātau anō.

4. Ngā Tauira Whaitake

Tauira 1: Te Tautohu i te Ingoa Manaaki o tētahi Tūmau

Tāuru: 8.8.8.8

Putanga: dns.google

I tēnei tauira, ka whakatauhia te wāhitau IP ki tōna ingoa manaaki mana. He pai tēnei mō te manatoko hanganga, te whakaū rānei i ngā pūkete DNS.

Tauira 2: Te Tūhura i ngā Mahi Rangitaki

Tāuru: 1.1.1.1

Putanga: one.one.one.one

Ka taea e tētahi kaiwhakawhanake e tātari ana i ngā rangitaki tūmau te whakamahi i te rapu IP whakamuri hei whakatau mēnā nō tētahi CDN, kaiwhakarato DNS, ratonga hanganga kē rānei te waka raraunga.

5. Ngā Whakamahinga mā ngā Kaiwhakawhanake

- Tātari Rangitaki Tūmau

Whakatauhia aunoatia ngā wāhitau IP e kitea ana i ngā rangitaki Apache, Nginx rānei hei ingoa manaaki kia māmā ake te pānui me te pūrongo.

- Kite Tinihanga me te Aroturuki Haumaru

Whakaurua ngā arowhai IP whakamuri ki ngā pūnaha haumaru o muri hei tautohu i ngā rohe hihira e hono ana ki ngā wāhitau IP taumai.

- Whakaurunga API

Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakawhanake te takai i te āheinga rapu whakamuri ki roto i tētahi pito API ā-roto mō te whakataunga aunoa o ngā ingoa manaaki puta noa i ngā taupānga.

- Ngā Taputapu Rapurongoā Whatunga

Whakakotahitia ngā rapunga DNS whakamuri me te manatoko DNS whakamua hei whakaū i te ōritetanga o ngā ingoa rohe me ngā wāhitau IP.

Tauira (PHP)

$hostname = gethostbyaddr($ip);
echo $hostname;

Tauira (JavaScript mā te API)

fetch('/api/reverse-ip', {
  method: 'POST',
  body: JSON.stringify({ ip: '8.8.8.8' })
})
.then(res => res.json())
.then(data => console.log(data.result));

Ko ngā tikanga haumaru pai ko te manatoko i ngā hōputu IP, te horoi i ngā tāuru, te whakatinana i te ārai CSRF, me te whakawhāiti i te tere o ngā tono hei aukati i te whakamahinga hē.

6. Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te rapu IP whakamuri?

Ka huri te rapu IP whakamuri i tētahi wāhitau IP ki tōna ingoa manaaki e hono ana mā ngā pūkete DNS PTR.

He ingoa manaaki tō ia wāhitau IP?

Kāo. Ko ngā wāhitau IP anake kua whirihorahia tika ngā pūkete PTR ka whakahoki ingoa manaaki.

Ka taea e au te whakamahi i tēnei taputapu mō ngā wāhitau IPv6?

Āe. E tautoko ana te taputapu i ngā hōputu IPv4 me IPv6.

He aha i whakahokia ai e te taputapu taua wāhitau IP anō?

Ki te kore he pūkete PTR, tērā pea ka whakahokia e te pūnaha te wāhitau IP taketake, kaua ko te ingoa manaaki.

He ture te rapu IP whakamuri?

Āe. Ka whakamahi i ngā pūkete DNS e wātea ana ki te katoa, ā, kāore e uru ki ngā raraunga tūmataiti.

He pēhea te tika o ngā hua DNS whakamuri?

Ka whakawhirinaki te tika ki te whirihoranga DNS. Tērā pea he tapanga ISP whānui ētahi ingoa manaaki.